Sains Malaysiana 53(6)(2024): 1281-1293

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5306-05

Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Durio zibethinus L. Clone 175 (Durian Udang Merah) Shell and UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS Profiling of the Extract

(Aktiviti Perencatan Antioksidan dan Alfa-Glukosidase Kulit Klon 175 Durio zibethinus L. (Durian Udang Merah) dan Pemprofilan Ekstrak UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS)

WAN MUHD HATIM WAN ZAIN¹, AHMED MEDIANI², NUR KHALEEDA ZULAIKHA ZOLKEFLEE³, PEI LOU WONG¹ & FARIDAH ABAS^1,*

¹Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

³Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 4 March 2024/Accepted: 14 May 2024

Abstract

Durio zibethinus or ‘durian’ is a well-known seasonal fruit of Southeast Asia and has been called the ‘King of Fruit’. The popularity of durian has led to large production of this crop in Malaysia, consequently creating a huge agricultural waste including the shell. Despite illness remedies from various parts of durian, the information on phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of durian shells remained scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of D. zibethinus shell extracted with different ethanol percentage (0%, 50%, and 100%). Results showed that the 100% ethanolic extract exhibited the highest 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 96.91 ± 1.09 µg/mL. Furthermore, the 50% ethanol extract exhibited the highest TPC with 130.57 ± 1.92 mg GAE/g crude extract, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 435.30 ± 3.41 µg/mL. Both 50% and 100% ethanolic extracts of D. zibethinusshell exhibited great potential in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 1.99 ± 0.90 and 4.53 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, the bioactive compounds in 100% ethanolic extract of D. zibethinus were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 20 compounds were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, alkaloids, benzofurans, terpenoids, pentose phosphate, organosulfur compounds, organooxygen compounds, polyketides, carotene, carboxylic acid, coumarin, and stigmasterol. In conclusion, durian shell exhibits potential for future applications driven by its inherent pharmacological benefits, consequently contributing to waste reduction.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Durio zibethinus shell; UHPLC-MS/MS; α-glucosidase inhibitory activity

Abstrak

Durio zibethinus atau durian adalah buah bermusim yang terkenal di Asia Tenggara dan turut dikenali sebagai Raja Buah. Populariti durian telah menyebabkan pengeluaran besar-besaran tanaman ini di Malaysia, seterusnya menghasilkan sisa pertanian yang banyak termasuk kulit. Walaupun pelbagai bahagian durian telah digunakan untuk rawatan penyakit, maklumat kandungan fitokimia dan bioaktiviti ekstrak kulit durian masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai jumlah kandungan fenol (TPC), aktiviti antioksidan dan perencatan α-glukosidase ekstrak kulit D. zibethinus yang diekstrak dengan nisbah etanol yang berbeza (0%, 50% dan 100%). Hasil menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak 100% etanol menunjukkan aktiviti pemerangkap radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) tertinggi dengan nilai IC₅₀ sebanyak 96.91 ± 1.09 µg/mL. Tambahan pula, ekstrak 50% etanol menunjukkan TPC tertinggi dengan 130.57 ± 1.92 mg ekstrak kasar GAE/g, dan aktiviti pemerangkapan nitrik oksida (NO) dengan nilai IC₅₀ 435.30 ± 3.41 µg/mL. Kedua-dua ekstrak 50% dan 100% etanol daripada kulit D. zibethinus menunjukkan potensi besar dalam aktiviti perencatan α-glukosidase dengan nilai IC₅₀ masing-masing 1.99 ± 0.90 dan 4.53 ± 0.21 µg/mL. Oleh itu, sebatian bioaktif dalam ekstrak 100% etanol D. zibethinus telah diprofilkan menggunakan kromatografi cecair berprestasi tinggi ultra spektrometri jisim (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sebanyak 20 sebatian telah dikenal pasti secara tentatif termasuk flavonoid, alkaloid, benzofuran, terpenoid, pentosa fosfat, sebatian organosulfur, organooksigen, poliketida, karotena, asid karboksilik, kumarin dan stigmasterol. Kesimpulannya, kulit durian mempunyai potensi untuk aplikasi masa hadapan yang didorong oleh faedah farmakologi yang wujud, seterusnya menyumbang kepada pengurangan sisa.

Kata kunci: Antioksidan; kulit Durio zibethinus; perencatan aktiviti α-glukosidase; UHPLC-MS/MS

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*Corresponding author; email: faridah_abas@upm.edu.my